world history part 5
Monasticism originated in Europe in the Middle
Ages.
In the 12th and 13th centuries there occurred several wars between Christians and Muslims in Palestine. These battles are known as Crusades.
Muslims became religiously intolerant due to the
Crusades.
Crusades resulted in the spread of Islam to Europe.
Feudal System was first emerged in Europe.
The early name of feudalism was Clientage.
The word feudalism was originated from the word
‘fief’ or ‘fued’ which means land given to peasant.
The structure of feudal relationship was like a
pyramid. King was on top of the pyramid and
slaves were at the bottom.
Feudalism came to an end towards AD 1000 by
the influence of christianity.
Feudalism helped to control the autocratic rule of
kings in the Middle Ages
Guilds were th merchant organisations of Europe
in the Middle Ages.
The University of Italy founded in 825 was the
first University in Europe.
Paris University was the first University in France.
Oxford University was founded in 1163 AD and
Cambridge in 1284.
Aleson Richard was the first woman to become
the Vice Chancellor of Cambridge University.
Christianity was responsibile for making the Barbarians a civilised people.
The Monastry of Monte Casino was founded by
St. Benedict.
The word Catholic means
‘Omnipresent’.
Pope was the head of Medieval Christian Church.
The silver jubilee celebrations of the Pope John Paul
II’s Pontification has been
one of the longest in the
history of the Papacy celebrated in 2003.
Pope John Paul II died on 2 April 2005.
He belonged to Poland.
Pope Pius IX was the Pope who ruled the longest
term (31 years)
John Paul II is the Pope with second longest term
(26 years).
John Paul II was the first Pope to accept the
Theory of Evolution by Charles Darwin.
John Paul II visited India twice (1986, 1999)
‘‘Crossing the Threshold of Hope’’ ‘‘Gift and Mystery’’ ‘‘Roman Tryptych Meditations’’
‘‘Rise up Let us Go’’, ‘‘Memory and Identity’’ are
the books written by Pope John Paul II.
Joseph Ratzinger of Germany who came to be
known as Benedict XVI became the 265th Pope
after the death of John Paul II.
Benedict XVI is the second oldest pesson (78) to
become the Pope.
Oldest person to become the Pope was Clemant
XII.
Benedict XVI was the Second German to become
the Pope.
Latin Language is considered as theVehicle of
Medieval Culture.
Geofery Chaucer is considered as the father of
English Poetry.
‘Canterbury Tales’ is the famous work of Chaucer.
Joan of Arc
The Middle Age was a period of superstitions. It
was common among the orthodox to accuse someone, especially young, beautiful and enterprising
girls as witch and initiate legal proceding against
them.
‘The Court of Inquisition’ was meant for the trial
of those who are accused of as such.
Heresy or the denial of religious principles was one of
the most severe offences of the Middle Ages.
In the Hundred Years War which started in 1338
between England and France, France was losing
frequently. There was nobody to lead France.
Then Joan a shephered girl, with god’s revelation
met the king of France and got the permission to
lead the French army. She started her victorious
Journey by crashing the barricade of English
Army in Orleans, in France. Thus she got the name
‘‘Maid of Orleans’’. The orthodox church authorities accused her a witch and trialed at the court of
inquisition. The verdict was to burn her alive. In
1431 Joan was burnt at the stake. But later the
church authorities realized their mistake and in
1921 Vathican proclaimed her a beatified person.
Now Joan of Arc is known as St. Joan.
Modern Age
The Renaissance
The literal meaning of Renaissance is rebirth.
The capture of Constantinople by the Turks in
1453 was the cause of Renaissance in Europe.
The new name of Constantinople is Istambul.
During the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries there
was a great revival in Europe in the field of art,
literature and learning. This marked the transition
from the Medieval to the Modern period. This is
known as the Renaissance. The birth place of
Renaissance movement was Italy.
Renaissance was actually the rebirth of Classical
Grecco-Roman literature and learning.
The Renaissance emerged in Italy roughly between AD 1300 and AD 1550.
Italy is known as ‘‘the Cradle of Renaissance’’
‘Divine Comedy’ written by Dante was a classical
work of the Renaissance period.
Humanism is considered as the heart and soul of
Renaissance. Petrarc, an Itaian poet is considered as the, father of Humanism.
Niccolo Machiavelli wrote a book on politics
named ‘The Prince’
Machiavelli is known as Italian Kautilya and
Kautilya is known as Indian Machiavelli.
The Renaissance painters painted directly on plaster walls called frescoes.
‘The Last Supper’ a fresco in
Milan, ‘The
Mona Lisa and
the ‘Virgin and
the Child’ were
the famous paintings of Leonardo
Da Vinci.
Da Vinci was the
first person to
identify the models of aeroplanes,
submarines and
cars.
‘Madona’ and
‘The School of Athens’ are the famous paintings
of Raphael.
Michelangelo was another Italian painter who was
the author of famous painting ‘Last Judgement’
and Sculpture ‘David and Moses’.
St. Peters Basilica in Rome was built under the
patronage of Pope Julius II and Pope Leo X It
was designed by Michelangelo.
‘The Praise of Folly’ was a satiristic work written
by Erasmus.
Erasmus was known as the prince among the
humanists.
‘Utopia’ was a famous work of Sir Thomas More
portraying an ideal community on an imaginary
island indicating the glaring abuses of his time.
The technique of printing was first developed by
the Chinese.
John Guttenburg of Germany is considered as
the father of printing. He published Bible in 1456.
William Caxton established the first printing
press in England in 1477.
Copernicus a Polish astronomer developed the
theory of universe through his book ‘‘Six Books
concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly
Spheres’’.
His theory of universe was later supported by
Galileo.
Kepler wrote a book titled ‘On the Motion of
Mars’ to establish the heliocentric theory.
Galileo Galilei an Italian scientist invented telescope in 1609.
Isaac Newton was born in England in 1642. He
published his work ‘‘The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy’’.
The great dramatist Shakespeare who is popularly known as the ‘Bard of Avon’ was born in
AD 1564 and died in AD 1616. His great tragedies
are ‘Hamlet’, ‘Macbeth’, ‘Othelloand KingLear’.
He wrote altogether 37 plays.
Reformation and Counter Reformation
The name ‘Protestant’ was first applied by Martin Luther.
Reformation was started in Germany by Martin
Luther in 1517. This resulted in the formation of
Protestant Religion.
Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin were the leaders
of reformation in Switzerland.
Reformation in Switzerland was known as Calvinism.
Reformation movement in England was known as
Anglicanism it was led by King Henry VIII and
Queen Elizabeth I.
Counter-Reformation was a reformist movement
within the Catholic Church to restore its universal authority.
John Wycliffe is known as the ‘‘Morning Star of
the Reformation’’. He was responsible for giving
inspiration to translate Bible into English for the
first time.
Ignatius Layola formed a society of monks known
as ‘Jesut order’ in Spain.
Jesute missionaries reached India for the first
time during the period of Akbar the Great in 1580.
Geographical Discoveries
Portugal was the first European country to encourage geographical discoveries.
Prince Henry, the Navigator of Portugal encouraged sailors by making maps.
Bartholomew Diaz sailed down the west coast of
Africa in 1487, which came to be known as ‘Cape
of Good Hope’.
Vasco-da Gama followed Diaz’s route, rounded
the Cape of Good Hope and landed at Kappad in
Calicut in the Spring of 1498.
Vasco-da-Gama was sent to India by the Portuguese king Dom Manual.
He reached India in a ship named St. Gabriel.
Christopher Columbus discovered West Indies
and thought that it was India in 1492 and called
its people Red Indians.
Later, Amerigo Vespucci reached the South
American coast in 1499 and America was named
after him.
Ferdinant Megallan of Portugal who started his Voyage in 1519 was the first
circum navigator (who
sailed around the world). His
circum navigation exclusively proved that the Earth
is round.
The name ‘Pacific’ was
given to the ocean by Megallan.
He reached Phillipines in 1521 and died there fighting its aborgins.
The coast of Venezuela was explored by Amerigo
Vespucci.
John Cabbot discovered New Foundland in 1497.
Peru was discovered by Francisco Pizzaro.
Kabral discovered Brazil in 1500. He was a Portuguese.
Portugal was the first country in the field of colonialism.
Ages.
In the 12th and 13th centuries there occurred several wars between Christians and Muslims in Palestine. These battles are known as Crusades.
Muslims became religiously intolerant due to the
Crusades.
Crusades resulted in the spread of Islam to Europe.
Feudal System was first emerged in Europe.
The early name of feudalism was Clientage.
The word feudalism was originated from the word
‘fief’ or ‘fued’ which means land given to peasant.
The structure of feudal relationship was like a
pyramid. King was on top of the pyramid and
slaves were at the bottom.
Feudalism came to an end towards AD 1000 by
the influence of christianity.
Feudalism helped to control the autocratic rule of
kings in the Middle Ages
Guilds were th merchant organisations of Europe
in the Middle Ages.
The University of Italy founded in 825 was the
first University in Europe.
Paris University was the first University in France.
Oxford University was founded in 1163 AD and
Cambridge in 1284.
Aleson Richard was the first woman to become
the Vice Chancellor of Cambridge University.
Christianity was responsibile for making the Barbarians a civilised people.
The Monastry of Monte Casino was founded by
St. Benedict.
The word Catholic means
‘Omnipresent’.
Pope was the head of Medieval Christian Church.
The silver jubilee celebrations of the Pope John Paul
II’s Pontification has been
one of the longest in the
history of the Papacy celebrated in 2003.
Pope John Paul II died on 2 April 2005.
He belonged to Poland.
Pope Pius IX was the Pope who ruled the longest
term (31 years)
John Paul II is the Pope with second longest term
(26 years).
John Paul II was the first Pope to accept the
Theory of Evolution by Charles Darwin.
John Paul II visited India twice (1986, 1999)
‘‘Crossing the Threshold of Hope’’ ‘‘Gift and Mystery’’ ‘‘Roman Tryptych Meditations’’
‘‘Rise up Let us Go’’, ‘‘Memory and Identity’’ are
the books written by Pope John Paul II.
Joseph Ratzinger of Germany who came to be
known as Benedict XVI became the 265th Pope
after the death of John Paul II.
Benedict XVI is the second oldest pesson (78) to
become the Pope.
Oldest person to become the Pope was Clemant
XII.
Benedict XVI was the Second German to become
the Pope.
Latin Language is considered as theVehicle of
Medieval Culture.
Geofery Chaucer is considered as the father of
English Poetry.
‘Canterbury Tales’ is the famous work of Chaucer.
Joan of Arc
The Middle Age was a period of superstitions. It
was common among the orthodox to accuse someone, especially young, beautiful and enterprising
girls as witch and initiate legal proceding against
them.
‘The Court of Inquisition’ was meant for the trial
of those who are accused of as such.
Heresy or the denial of religious principles was one of
the most severe offences of the Middle Ages.
In the Hundred Years War which started in 1338
between England and France, France was losing
frequently. There was nobody to lead France.
Then Joan a shephered girl, with god’s revelation
met the king of France and got the permission to
lead the French army. She started her victorious
Journey by crashing the barricade of English
Army in Orleans, in France. Thus she got the name
‘‘Maid of Orleans’’. The orthodox church authorities accused her a witch and trialed at the court of
inquisition. The verdict was to burn her alive. In
1431 Joan was burnt at the stake. But later the
church authorities realized their mistake and in
1921 Vathican proclaimed her a beatified person.
Now Joan of Arc is known as St. Joan.
Modern Age
The Renaissance
The literal meaning of Renaissance is rebirth.
The capture of Constantinople by the Turks in
1453 was the cause of Renaissance in Europe.
The new name of Constantinople is Istambul.
During the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries there
was a great revival in Europe in the field of art,
literature and learning. This marked the transition
from the Medieval to the Modern period. This is
known as the Renaissance. The birth place of
Renaissance movement was Italy.
Renaissance was actually the rebirth of Classical
Grecco-Roman literature and learning.
The Renaissance emerged in Italy roughly between AD 1300 and AD 1550.
Italy is known as ‘‘the Cradle of Renaissance’’
‘Divine Comedy’ written by Dante was a classical
work of the Renaissance period.
Humanism is considered as the heart and soul of
Renaissance. Petrarc, an Itaian poet is considered as the, father of Humanism.
Niccolo Machiavelli wrote a book on politics
named ‘The Prince’
Machiavelli is known as Italian Kautilya and
Kautilya is known as Indian Machiavelli.
The Renaissance painters painted directly on plaster walls called frescoes.
‘The Last Supper’ a fresco in
Milan, ‘The
Mona Lisa and
the ‘Virgin and
the Child’ were
the famous paintings of Leonardo
Da Vinci.
Da Vinci was the
first person to
identify the models of aeroplanes,
submarines and
cars.
‘Madona’ and
‘The School of Athens’ are the famous paintings
of Raphael.
Michelangelo was another Italian painter who was
the author of famous painting ‘Last Judgement’
and Sculpture ‘David and Moses’.
St. Peters Basilica in Rome was built under the
patronage of Pope Julius II and Pope Leo X It
was designed by Michelangelo.
‘The Praise of Folly’ was a satiristic work written
by Erasmus.
Erasmus was known as the prince among the
humanists.
‘Utopia’ was a famous work of Sir Thomas More
portraying an ideal community on an imaginary
island indicating the glaring abuses of his time.
The technique of printing was first developed by
the Chinese.
John Guttenburg of Germany is considered as
the father of printing. He published Bible in 1456.
William Caxton established the first printing
press in England in 1477.
Copernicus a Polish astronomer developed the
theory of universe through his book ‘‘Six Books
concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly
Spheres’’.
His theory of universe was later supported by
Galileo.
Kepler wrote a book titled ‘On the Motion of
Mars’ to establish the heliocentric theory.
Galileo Galilei an Italian scientist invented telescope in 1609.
Isaac Newton was born in England in 1642. He
published his work ‘‘The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy’’.
The great dramatist Shakespeare who is popularly known as the ‘Bard of Avon’ was born in
AD 1564 and died in AD 1616. His great tragedies
are ‘Hamlet’, ‘Macbeth’, ‘Othelloand KingLear’.
He wrote altogether 37 plays.
Reformation and Counter Reformation
The name ‘Protestant’ was first applied by Martin Luther.
Reformation was started in Germany by Martin
Luther in 1517. This resulted in the formation of
Protestant Religion.
Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin were the leaders
of reformation in Switzerland.
Reformation in Switzerland was known as Calvinism.
Reformation movement in England was known as
Anglicanism it was led by King Henry VIII and
Queen Elizabeth I.
Counter-Reformation was a reformist movement
within the Catholic Church to restore its universal authority.
John Wycliffe is known as the ‘‘Morning Star of
the Reformation’’. He was responsible for giving
inspiration to translate Bible into English for the
first time.
Ignatius Layola formed a society of monks known
as ‘Jesut order’ in Spain.
Jesute missionaries reached India for the first
time during the period of Akbar the Great in 1580.
Geographical Discoveries
Portugal was the first European country to encourage geographical discoveries.
Prince Henry, the Navigator of Portugal encouraged sailors by making maps.
Bartholomew Diaz sailed down the west coast of
Africa in 1487, which came to be known as ‘Cape
of Good Hope’.
Vasco-da Gama followed Diaz’s route, rounded
the Cape of Good Hope and landed at Kappad in
Calicut in the Spring of 1498.
Vasco-da-Gama was sent to India by the Portuguese king Dom Manual.
He reached India in a ship named St. Gabriel.
Christopher Columbus discovered West Indies
and thought that it was India in 1492 and called
its people Red Indians.
Later, Amerigo Vespucci reached the South
American coast in 1499 and America was named
after him.
Ferdinant Megallan of Portugal who started his Voyage in 1519 was the first
circum navigator (who
sailed around the world). His
circum navigation exclusively proved that the Earth
is round.
The name ‘Pacific’ was
given to the ocean by Megallan.
He reached Phillipines in 1521 and died there fighting its aborgins.
The coast of Venezuela was explored by Amerigo
Vespucci.
John Cabbot discovered New Foundland in 1497.
Peru was discovered by Francisco Pizzaro.
Kabral discovered Brazil in 1500. He was a Portuguese.
Portugal was the first country in the field of colonialism.