world history part 3
Pre-Historic Period
The Pre-historic period is divided into four distinct periods.
Paleololithic Period (Old Stone Age) 5,000,000 -
10,000 BC
Mesolithic Period (Late Stone Age)10,000 – 4000
BC
Neolithic period (New stone Age)6000 – 1000 BC
Chalcolithic Period (Metal Age)
The earliest known primate (Plesiandapis) appeared on the earth towads 70,000,000 BC.
The possible ancestor of hominids (Proconsul)
appeared in East Africa towards 20,000,00 BC
Australopithecus was the first hominids on the
earth, which appeared in East Africa towards
3,700,000 BC.
Homohabilis was the first hominid tool maker,
which appeared in Africa towards 2,100,000 BC.
Zinjanthropus, which was found in the Great
Rift Valley of Central Africa, is considered to be
the earliest in the human species.
‘Java Man’ existed some seven lakh years ago in
Java and ‘Peking Man’ who existed some three
lakh years ago excavated from Peking in China
are some humans of the Paleolithic Period.
Most famous Paleolithic man was the
Neandarthal Man who was discovered from
Germany.
Cromagnan (France) and Grimaldi (Itali) men belonged to the Middle Stone Age.
Paleolithic people used tools and implements
made of rough stone.
They ate raw flesh and wild fruits and vegetables.
They had no idea of agriculture. They belonged
to the Negrito race.
Paleolithic men led a nomadic life, ie, wandering
from one place to another.
Neolithic Age means the New Stone Age.
People learnt the art of cultivation and the
Neolithic Age was the food producing stage.
They started using polished and sharp stone
implements.
Man began to domesticate animals during the
Neolithic Age. Dog was the first animal domesticated by man.
Wheat and Barley were the earliest cereals grown
by man.
‘Potters Wheel’ was invented in the Neolithic Age.
Paleolithic Age is known as the ‘Age of Hunters’
while the Neolithic Age is known as the ‘Age of
Farmers’.
Most polished weapon of the Neolithic Age was
the ‘Stone axe’.
Man discovered the use of jute and began to use
cloth made of jute during the Neolithic period.
Early men started the settled life in the Neolithic
period.
Earliest human villages appeared towards 6000BC
in Egypt and Mesopotamia.
The Barter system of exchange came into practice during the Neolithic period.
Family life also began during the Neolithic Age.
The concept of ‘State’ also originated during the
Neolithic period.
Chalcolithic Age is known as the Metal Age.
First metal used by man was copper
Copper was first used to make ornaments and
tools.
The period when man began to use Bronze tools
and weapons is known as Bronze Age.
The period when man began to use iron is known
as Iron Age.
MAJORHUMANRACESOF THEWORLD
People living in Africa, Arabia, India, Malaysia,
Australia and Tansania belonged to the Negroid
Race.
‘Pigmies’ seen in Africa, South East Asia and
Indonesia is a subgroup of the Negroids.
Majority of modern Human race belonged to the
Mongloid race.
People living in Japan, China, Indonesia, Formosa
Tibet etc belonged to the Mongloid race.
People lived in Ancient Egypt belonged to the
Hemitic race.
Ancient Babilonians, Hebrews, Phoenesians,
Arabs etc belonged to the Semitic race.
Semitic, Hemitic and Indo-Europeans are the subgroups of the Caucasoid race.
ORIGINOFLANGUAGESANDWRITING
Man began to speak meaningfully during the
Neolithic Period.
English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Greek,
Russian, Persian, Sanskrit and American languages belonged to the Indo-European or Aryan
language group
Hebrew, Arabic, Abyssenian early Assirian and
Phoenesian languages belonged to the Semitic
group of languages.
Languages spoken by the people lived around
Mediterranean sea were of the Hemitic group.
Lapis, Finnish, Magyar,Tartar, Manchu, Mongol
etc, belonged to the Turanean group of languages.
Egyptians were the first to use Phonetic writing.
The early writing of the Egyptians were known as
Hieroglyphics.
Phoeniseans were considered as the originators
of the modern pattern of writing.
SUMERIAN OR MESOPOTAMIAN
CIVILIZATION (3000 -1600 BC)
Sumerian civilisation flourished on the banks of
rivers Euphrates and Tigris later came to be
known as Mesopotamian civilisation
The word Mesopotamia means land between rivers.
The name Mesopotamia was given by the Greeks.
The area where Mesopotamian civilisation existed
belonged to modern Iraq.
The northern part of Mesopotamia was known as
Assiria and southern part was known as
Babilonia.
The first dynasty in the world was established at
Ur in Sumeria in 3000 BC.
CUNIEFORM WRITING
The Sumerians are credited with the invention
of a distinctive system of writing known as
Cunieform. They wrote on clay tablets using
wedge shaped letters. The name Cunieform was
originated from the Latin word ‘cuneus’ which
means wedge. The Cunieform script was
desciphered by Henry Rawlinson.
Ur, Urukh, Lagash, Uma, Nippor were the major
cities of the Sumerians.
The Sumerian Empire declined towards BC 2650
due to the attack of the Accadians.
The chief architect of the Acadian empire was
Sargon.
Dungi was the most important ruler of the
Sumerians.
The writing system of the Sumerians was known
as Cunieform.
Mesosoptamian seals throw light on the trade
relation between the Indus people and the
Sumerians.
The Mesopotamians invented wheel and glassware.
Mesopotamian civilization is considered to be the
world’s first urban civilisation.
Mesopotamians discovered the system of Geometry. It was later called ‘‘Pythagorus Theorem’’.
A Lunar Calendar based on the Moon was one
of the major achievements of the Sumerians.
Mesopotamians were worshippers of multi Gods.
Their major God was the Sky God ‘Anu’.
Mesopotamians were the first to invent the system of Multiplication.
Empires, water supply system, use of gold and
silver for transaction, code of laws, libraries, educational centres, poetry, literature, sculpture, palaces, arches, pillars, domes, slavery, autocracy
imperialism etc first originated in Sumeria.
Hammurabi is known as the founder of Early
Ba bilo nian
Empire.
H ammu r ab i
was responsible for the introduction of a
code of conduct
to the
Mesopotamians.
It was based
on the principle of ‘‘an eye for eye and tooth for a tooth’’.
Babilonian people invented water clock and sundial to know the time.
Assirians were credited for the invention of the
system of dividing a circle into 360 degrees.
Mesopotamian civilisation is also known as the
‘melting pot of civilisation’.
Egyptian Civilisation (3000 BC -
1750 BC)
Egyptian civilisation flourished on the banks of
Nile river.
Egyptian kings were known as ‘Pharoh’
‘Pharoh’ means one who lives in a mansion.
‘Hyksus’ were a semetic group of people who
captured Egypt towards BC 1750.
Egyptian Queen Hatsheput is considered as the
first women ruler of the world.
Ramses III is considered as the last of great
Pharohs of Egypt.
Egyptians were the first to invent a solar calendar having 365 days with 12 months of 30 days
each.
Egyptian Sun God
was known as
‘Ra’ or ‘Re’.
Osiris was the
Goddess of truth
worshipped by the
Egyptians.
Preserved dead
bodies of the
Egyptians were
known as ‘mummies’. Mummification shows their
belief in life after death.
Egyptians were responsible for the invention of
Addition, Subtraction and Division.
The word ‘Chemistry’ was originated from the
Egyptian language.
Egyptian script was pictographic in nature. It was
known as Hierogliphics.
The word Hierogliphic means sacred writing. It
consisted of 24 signs. Vowels were not used. The
Egyptian alphabets were deciphered by
Champollion.
‘‘The Great Temple of Abu Simbel’’ is known as
the ‘‘Temple of the Rising Sun’’, since the rays
of the rising sun get into the temple.
Pyramids were the Tombs of Egyptian Pharohs.
First Pyramid was built about 2700 BC.
Greatest of the Pyramids was the Great Pyramid
at Giza built by Pharoh Khufu.
Biggest of the temples built by the Egyptians was
the temple at Karnak.
Great Pyramid at Giza is the only survivor of the
Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
Earliest coins were believed to have used by the
Egyptians.
Indus Valley Civilisation
Indus Valley Civilisation was discovered as a result of the archaeological excavations carried out
in 1920-22 at Mohenjodaro and Harappa (Both in
Pakistan) by R D Banarjee and Dayaram Sahni.
John Marshall was the Director General of the
Archaeological Survey of India at that time (more
details are given in the Indian History part).
Chinese Civilisation
Chinese Civilisation originated on the banks of
riverHwang Ho.
Shang dynasty was the first dynasty to rule China
from BC 1750-1125.
The Qin dynasty established China’s first strong
central government.
Chin ruler Shih Hwangti was responsible for the
construction of the Great Wall of China to prevent the Huna invasion.
Shih Hwangti was the founder of Chin dynasty.
The Great Wall is 1500 mile long and having 20
feet breadth and 20 feet height.
Early communication of the Chinese was done by
Sphinx
Sphinx was a mythological animal of the
ancient Egyptians. It was
the largest of the Egyptian statues. It has a human head and the body
of a lion. It has 100 feet
length and 70 feet height.
knots made in strings.
Paper was invented by the Chinese.
Lao-Tse, Confuciousand Mencious were the three
major Philosophers of ancient China.
Lao-Tse was the founder of the most important
religion of China known as Taoism.
Lao-Tse is considered as the ‘‘Chinese Buddha’’
Confucianism was the new religion founded by
Confucious.
Siesmograph and Gun Powder were also invented
by the Chinese.
Tea was invented by the Chinese.
Persian Civilisation
Persian Civilisation existed in modern Iran
Persians belonged to the Indo-European race.
Cyrus was the strongest of the Persian rulers.
Cyrus is considered as the founder of the Persian Empire.
Greatest of the Persian rulers was Darius I.
Darius I was responsible for the foundation of
the ever largest empires of the world.
The Greeco- Persian conflict began during the
period of Darius I.
The Battle of Marathon (BC 490) between the
Persians and Athenians was led by Darius I.
The writing of the Persians was Cunieform,
adopted from the Mesopotamians.
The Persian priests were known as ‘Maji’.
The English word ‘Magician’ was originated from
the Persian word ‘Maji’.
Sphinx
Sphinx was a mythological animal of the
ancient Egyptians. It was
the largest of the Egyptian statues. It has a human head and the body
of a lion. It has 100 feet
length and 70 feet height.
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The Pre-historic period is divided into four distinct periods.
Paleololithic Period (Old Stone Age) 5,000,000 -
10,000 BC
Mesolithic Period (Late Stone Age)10,000 – 4000
BC
Neolithic period (New stone Age)6000 – 1000 BC
Chalcolithic Period (Metal Age)
The earliest known primate (Plesiandapis) appeared on the earth towads 70,000,000 BC.
The possible ancestor of hominids (Proconsul)
appeared in East Africa towards 20,000,00 BC
Australopithecus was the first hominids on the
earth, which appeared in East Africa towards
3,700,000 BC.
Homohabilis was the first hominid tool maker,
which appeared in Africa towards 2,100,000 BC.
Zinjanthropus, which was found in the Great
Rift Valley of Central Africa, is considered to be
the earliest in the human species.
‘Java Man’ existed some seven lakh years ago in
Java and ‘Peking Man’ who existed some three
lakh years ago excavated from Peking in China
are some humans of the Paleolithic Period.
Most famous Paleolithic man was the
Neandarthal Man who was discovered from
Germany.
Cromagnan (France) and Grimaldi (Itali) men belonged to the Middle Stone Age.
Paleolithic people used tools and implements
made of rough stone.
They ate raw flesh and wild fruits and vegetables.
They had no idea of agriculture. They belonged
to the Negrito race.
Paleolithic men led a nomadic life, ie, wandering
from one place to another.
Neolithic Age means the New Stone Age.
People learnt the art of cultivation and the
Neolithic Age was the food producing stage.
They started using polished and sharp stone
implements.
Man began to domesticate animals during the
Neolithic Age. Dog was the first animal domesticated by man.
Wheat and Barley were the earliest cereals grown
by man.
‘Potters Wheel’ was invented in the Neolithic Age.
Paleolithic Age is known as the ‘Age of Hunters’
while the Neolithic Age is known as the ‘Age of
Farmers’.
Most polished weapon of the Neolithic Age was
the ‘Stone axe’.
Man discovered the use of jute and began to use
cloth made of jute during the Neolithic period.
Early men started the settled life in the Neolithic
period.
Earliest human villages appeared towards 6000BC
in Egypt and Mesopotamia.
The Barter system of exchange came into practice during the Neolithic period.
Family life also began during the Neolithic Age.
The concept of ‘State’ also originated during the
Neolithic period.
Chalcolithic Age is known as the Metal Age.
First metal used by man was copper
Copper was first used to make ornaments and
tools.
The period when man began to use Bronze tools
and weapons is known as Bronze Age.
The period when man began to use iron is known
as Iron Age.
MAJORHUMANRACESOF THEWORLD
People living in Africa, Arabia, India, Malaysia,
Australia and Tansania belonged to the Negroid
Race.
‘Pigmies’ seen in Africa, South East Asia and
Indonesia is a subgroup of the Negroids.
Majority of modern Human race belonged to the
Mongloid race.
People living in Japan, China, Indonesia, Formosa
Tibet etc belonged to the Mongloid race.
People lived in Ancient Egypt belonged to the
Hemitic race.
Ancient Babilonians, Hebrews, Phoenesians,
Arabs etc belonged to the Semitic race.
Semitic, Hemitic and Indo-Europeans are the subgroups of the Caucasoid race.
ORIGINOFLANGUAGESANDWRITING
Man began to speak meaningfully during the
Neolithic Period.
English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Greek,
Russian, Persian, Sanskrit and American languages belonged to the Indo-European or Aryan
language group
Hebrew, Arabic, Abyssenian early Assirian and
Phoenesian languages belonged to the Semitic
group of languages.
Languages spoken by the people lived around
Mediterranean sea were of the Hemitic group.
Lapis, Finnish, Magyar,Tartar, Manchu, Mongol
etc, belonged to the Turanean group of languages.
Egyptians were the first to use Phonetic writing.
The early writing of the Egyptians were known as
Hieroglyphics.
Phoeniseans were considered as the originators
of the modern pattern of writing.
SUMERIAN OR MESOPOTAMIAN
CIVILIZATION (3000 -1600 BC)
Sumerian civilisation flourished on the banks of
rivers Euphrates and Tigris later came to be
known as Mesopotamian civilisation
The word Mesopotamia means land between rivers.
The name Mesopotamia was given by the Greeks.
The area where Mesopotamian civilisation existed
belonged to modern Iraq.
The northern part of Mesopotamia was known as
Assiria and southern part was known as
Babilonia.
The first dynasty in the world was established at
Ur in Sumeria in 3000 BC.
CUNIEFORM WRITING
The Sumerians are credited with the invention
of a distinctive system of writing known as
Cunieform. They wrote on clay tablets using
wedge shaped letters. The name Cunieform was
originated from the Latin word ‘cuneus’ which
means wedge. The Cunieform script was
desciphered by Henry Rawlinson.
Ur, Urukh, Lagash, Uma, Nippor were the major
cities of the Sumerians.
The Sumerian Empire declined towards BC 2650
due to the attack of the Accadians.
The chief architect of the Acadian empire was
Sargon.
Dungi was the most important ruler of the
Sumerians.
The writing system of the Sumerians was known
as Cunieform.
Mesosoptamian seals throw light on the trade
relation between the Indus people and the
Sumerians.
The Mesopotamians invented wheel and glassware.
Mesopotamian civilization is considered to be the
world’s first urban civilisation.
Mesopotamians discovered the system of Geometry. It was later called ‘‘Pythagorus Theorem’’.
A Lunar Calendar based on the Moon was one
of the major achievements of the Sumerians.
Mesopotamians were worshippers of multi Gods.
Their major God was the Sky God ‘Anu’.
Mesopotamians were the first to invent the system of Multiplication.
Empires, water supply system, use of gold and
silver for transaction, code of laws, libraries, educational centres, poetry, literature, sculpture, palaces, arches, pillars, domes, slavery, autocracy
imperialism etc first originated in Sumeria.
Hammurabi is known as the founder of Early
Ba bilo nian
Empire.
H ammu r ab i
was responsible for the introduction of a
code of conduct
to the
Mesopotamians.
It was based
on the principle of ‘‘an eye for eye and tooth for a tooth’’.
Babilonian people invented water clock and sundial to know the time.
Assirians were credited for the invention of the
system of dividing a circle into 360 degrees.
Mesopotamian civilisation is also known as the
‘melting pot of civilisation’.
Egyptian Civilisation (3000 BC -
1750 BC)
Egyptian civilisation flourished on the banks of
Nile river.
Egyptian kings were known as ‘Pharoh’
‘Pharoh’ means one who lives in a mansion.
‘Hyksus’ were a semetic group of people who
captured Egypt towards BC 1750.
Egyptian Queen Hatsheput is considered as the
first women ruler of the world.
Ramses III is considered as the last of great
Pharohs of Egypt.
Egyptians were the first to invent a solar calendar having 365 days with 12 months of 30 days
each.
Egyptian Sun God
was known as
‘Ra’ or ‘Re’.
Osiris was the
Goddess of truth
worshipped by the
Egyptians.
Preserved dead
bodies of the
Egyptians were
known as ‘mummies’. Mummification shows their
belief in life after death.
Egyptians were responsible for the invention of
Addition, Subtraction and Division.
The word ‘Chemistry’ was originated from the
Egyptian language.
Egyptian script was pictographic in nature. It was
known as Hierogliphics.
The word Hierogliphic means sacred writing. It
consisted of 24 signs. Vowels were not used. The
Egyptian alphabets were deciphered by
Champollion.
‘‘The Great Temple of Abu Simbel’’ is known as
the ‘‘Temple of the Rising Sun’’, since the rays
of the rising sun get into the temple.
Pyramids were the Tombs of Egyptian Pharohs.
First Pyramid was built about 2700 BC.
Greatest of the Pyramids was the Great Pyramid
at Giza built by Pharoh Khufu.
Biggest of the temples built by the Egyptians was
the temple at Karnak.
Great Pyramid at Giza is the only survivor of the
Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
Earliest coins were believed to have used by the
Egyptians.
Indus Valley Civilisation
Indus Valley Civilisation was discovered as a result of the archaeological excavations carried out
in 1920-22 at Mohenjodaro and Harappa (Both in
Pakistan) by R D Banarjee and Dayaram Sahni.
John Marshall was the Director General of the
Archaeological Survey of India at that time (more
details are given in the Indian History part).
Chinese Civilisation
Chinese Civilisation originated on the banks of
riverHwang Ho.
Shang dynasty was the first dynasty to rule China
from BC 1750-1125.
The Qin dynasty established China’s first strong
central government.
Chin ruler Shih Hwangti was responsible for the
construction of the Great Wall of China to prevent the Huna invasion.
Shih Hwangti was the founder of Chin dynasty.
The Great Wall is 1500 mile long and having 20
feet breadth and 20 feet height.
Early communication of the Chinese was done by
Sphinx
Sphinx was a mythological animal of the
ancient Egyptians. It was
the largest of the Egyptian statues. It has a human head and the body
of a lion. It has 100 feet
length and 70 feet height.
knots made in strings.
Paper was invented by the Chinese.
Lao-Tse, Confuciousand Mencious were the three
major Philosophers of ancient China.
Lao-Tse was the founder of the most important
religion of China known as Taoism.
Lao-Tse is considered as the ‘‘Chinese Buddha’’
Confucianism was the new religion founded by
Confucious.
Siesmograph and Gun Powder were also invented
by the Chinese.
Tea was invented by the Chinese.
Persian Civilisation
Persian Civilisation existed in modern Iran
Persians belonged to the Indo-European race.
Cyrus was the strongest of the Persian rulers.
Cyrus is considered as the founder of the Persian Empire.
Greatest of the Persian rulers was Darius I.
Darius I was responsible for the foundation of
the ever largest empires of the world.
The Greeco- Persian conflict began during the
period of Darius I.
The Battle of Marathon (BC 490) between the
Persians and Athenians was led by Darius I.
The writing of the Persians was Cunieform,
adopted from the Mesopotamians.
The Persian priests were known as ‘Maji’.
The English word ‘Magician’ was originated from
the Persian word ‘Maji’.
Sphinx
Sphinx was a mythological animal of the
ancient Egyptians. It was
the largest of the Egyptian statues. It has a human head and the body
of a lion. It has 100 feet
length and 70 feet height.
Next >>>
<<< Back
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