9 Environmental Science Modern Methods part 2
2. LECTURER CUM DISCUSSION METHOD
Lecture method is a one of the best method but it cannot be used every time and it is
not suitable for each and every topic and also for subjects. It can use as a main method and
other teaching methods can be used with it. The discussion method is the supporting method
and it can be used with the lecture method. Some social scientist says that it is a one of the
most valuable methods of teaching Environmental Science is discussion and “two heads are
better than one”. Wonderful results are achieved when a number of heads combine to solve
a problem.
Advantages
1. This method is best for a problem, an issue or a situation in which there is a
difference of opinion. In the discussion method of teaching Environmental Science
there is exchange of opinion accompanied by a search for its factual basis.
2. Speech is free and responsible. And values are created not quarreled about. The
participants are engaged in a process of competitive cooperation. Agreement is the
declared purpose of discussion that is an ordered process of collective decisionmaking.
3. If agreement is not reached, discussion has the value of clarifying and sharpening
the nature of agreement.
Objectives of Discussion Method
As a method of teaching Environmental Science discussion may be used for the following
Objectives:
(i) To lay plans for new work;
(ii) To make decisions concerning future action;
(iii) To share information;
(iv) To obtain and gaining respect for various points of view;
(v) To clarify ideas,
(vi) To Inspire interest; and
(vii) To evaluate progress
Steps in Discussion
1. In the case of problems
(i) Locating and defining problems of common interest and significance;
(ii) Working together to find ways of solving the problems;
(iii) Allocating responsibilities for the solutions suggested; and
(iv) Evaluating the effectiveness of the suggested solutions and their implementations.
2. In case of plans for projects and programs
(i) Deciders on the programmed and the particulars such as date, time and place;
(ii) Enumerating the jobs to be done in organizing the programmed;
(iii) Allocating duties to the members of the group; and
(iv) Evaluating the results.
FORMS OF DISCUSSION
There are many types of discussion defined in the teaching of Environmental Science
but important methods are given below, which are mostly used in Indian schools:
1. Informal discussion.
2. Classroom discussion.
3. Debate.
4. Symposium.
5. Panel discussion.
6. Brain storming
1. Informal Discussion
When we discuss political matter in the tea stall or a group of students or people near
the road discuss about their problems or when we discuss our personal problems with our
friend with an objective that discussion is considered as informal discussion because that
discussion is only for talk and after discussion we are not finding any result. So such type
of discussion is under the Informal discussion category.
2. Classroom Discussion
Most of the time students discuss their problems with the teacher in the classroom and
that is for caused based problem or some time students discuss their problems related with
the teaching and such type of discussion is objective based and after discussion we try to
find out some result. This type of discussion comes in the category of Classroom discussion.
3. Debate
In the program of debate two or more students holding contradictory opinions present
arguments on a particular problem. They also rebut the opposite side. Finally the rest of the
class is encouraged to ask questions from the debaters or engage in a brief discussion with
them. A debate requires a moderator. The teacher should work both with the debaters and
the. Class in order to get significant results.
Some Topic for Debate
(i) Globalization is necessary for the economic development of India.
(ii) Capitalism is responsible for the poverty of our country.
(iii) Five Year Plans have failed to generate proper development.
(iv) Democracy is the best form of government.
(v) For forms of Government let fools contest that which is governed least is best.
(vi) Democracy in India is more formal than real.
(vii) Fundamental rights are of no use in India.
(viii) Used needs total disarmament.
4. Symposium
In a symposium the participants present to the audience through speeches or proper
reading their views about various aspects of a selected problem or topic. To quote Struck,
“We think of a symposium as a. group of comments, either, spoken or written; which portrays
contrasting or at least different points of view”.
Objective of Symposium
The objective of the symposium is to clarify thoughts upon controversial questions. The
audience listens to the discussion. Each person forms his own conclusions concerning the
validity of the points of view presented. The ideal number of pupil participants in a symposium
is four or five.
Some Suggested Topics for Symposium
1. Proper organization of the community project is necessary for rural economic
development.
2. Profit is the dominant motive in all-economic ventures.
3. Mahatma Gandhi and his thoughts.
4. The achievement of the Aryans in the fields of science, literature, government, art
and the life of an ordinary Indian.
5. Super leader in Indian History Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.
6. Declaration of assets and liabilities of the Members of Parliament.
5. Panel Discussions
It is a discussion among selected group persons, large enough for variety and small
enough for purposeful deliberations. The ideal number may be four to six persons. The
participants in a panel discussion are usually eminent persons in their fields. They present
various points of view before an audience, which subsequently joins in the discussion.
Purpose of Panel Discussion
The purpose of panel discussion is to get important facts from different angles, to
stimulate thinking and lay a basis for wide participation. The members among them make
no speeches only informal conversations take place.
Rotation System
The rotation system may be followed in a panel discussion. Each member expresses his
opinion in turn or the members speak briefly as the thought comes to them one after the
other.
Advantages
Panel discussion method provides a natural setting in which people get the opportunity
to ask questions, to evaluate replies and to contribute constructively. Some topics for Panel
Discussions are:
1. The role of planning in economic development.
2. Nationalism can no longer solve the problems of under-developed countries.
3. Nowhere was the achievement of the Aryans greater than in social organization.
4. “The President represents the nation but does not rule the nation. He is the symbol
of the nation and his place in the administration is that of the ceremonial device
or the seal by which the nation’s decisions are made known” ____ B.R. Ambedkar.
5. An active king, whose, opinions were a matter of public concern, is unthinkable
within the framework of our (England’s) constitution” Laski Herold.
6. The role of planning in economic development.
7. Nowhere was the achievement of the Aryans greater than in social organization.
6. Brain Storming
In this form of discussion the brains of the participants are stimulated to create a storm
of ideas and give suggestions regarding the topic without any deliberation to find whether
or not they are meaningful and purposeful. When the brain is let go thus without social
institutions, it would be able to give expressions to some of the most useful and practical
suggestions. For example “Small saving could do a lot to strengthen the savings movement”
is a good subject for brainstorming.
Method of Discussion
1. To make proper use of the discussion method the teacher and student representatives
should do considerable planning. In planned and well-directed procedure discussion
the whole process may be divided into three stages-preparation, discussion and
evaluation.
2. For through preparation for the discussion the teacher should read wide and deep
purposefully and critically and prepare the material conscientiously. Arranged
logically points to be discussed should be written on the chalkboard for guidance.
If the students do not initially feel the need of the problem to be discussed they
should be made to do so.
3. The conducting the discussion should be disciplined. The arrangement of seats
should ensure face-to-face talk. The strength of the discussion is obtained from the
information and viewpoint of all members of the group. All should contribute to its
progress as it is a thinking-together process which breaks down if one member of
the group dominates it. Ensuring that every member of the group participates the
teacher should encourage sincere questions and comments. He must gear the
discussion to the realization of specific objectives and development of proper skills
and methods:
4. A relaxed and informal climate is essential to achieve desirable results. As the
discussion is truly a cooperative experience not a competitive quarrel. The teacher
must continually discourage attack upon persons and seek to bring the participants
to focus their comments on the proposition not the person. He should be ensured
that discussion is objective-oriented, the questions should be skilful and direction
sound. A happy rapport should be established between the teacher and the taught.
5. Discussion results in expanding information or lessening or removing prejudices,
changing attitudes or ideals, increasing the range of interest, altering ideas
concerning national and international policies, or causing a member to become a
more active citizen. One must evaluate the discussion with these motives in mind.
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Lecture method is a one of the best method but it cannot be used every time and it is
not suitable for each and every topic and also for subjects. It can use as a main method and
other teaching methods can be used with it. The discussion method is the supporting method
and it can be used with the lecture method. Some social scientist says that it is a one of the
most valuable methods of teaching Environmental Science is discussion and “two heads are
better than one”. Wonderful results are achieved when a number of heads combine to solve
a problem.
Advantages
1. This method is best for a problem, an issue or a situation in which there is a
difference of opinion. In the discussion method of teaching Environmental Science
there is exchange of opinion accompanied by a search for its factual basis.
2. Speech is free and responsible. And values are created not quarreled about. The
participants are engaged in a process of competitive cooperation. Agreement is the
declared purpose of discussion that is an ordered process of collective decisionmaking.
3. If agreement is not reached, discussion has the value of clarifying and sharpening
the nature of agreement.
Objectives of Discussion Method
As a method of teaching Environmental Science discussion may be used for the following
Objectives:
(i) To lay plans for new work;
(ii) To make decisions concerning future action;
(iii) To share information;
(iv) To obtain and gaining respect for various points of view;
(v) To clarify ideas,
(vi) To Inspire interest; and
(vii) To evaluate progress
Steps in Discussion
1. In the case of problems
(i) Locating and defining problems of common interest and significance;
(ii) Working together to find ways of solving the problems;
(iii) Allocating responsibilities for the solutions suggested; and
(iv) Evaluating the effectiveness of the suggested solutions and their implementations.
2. In case of plans for projects and programs
(i) Deciders on the programmed and the particulars such as date, time and place;
(ii) Enumerating the jobs to be done in organizing the programmed;
(iii) Allocating duties to the members of the group; and
(iv) Evaluating the results.
FORMS OF DISCUSSION
There are many types of discussion defined in the teaching of Environmental Science
but important methods are given below, which are mostly used in Indian schools:
1. Informal discussion.
2. Classroom discussion.
3. Debate.
4. Symposium.
5. Panel discussion.
6. Brain storming
1. Informal Discussion
When we discuss political matter in the tea stall or a group of students or people near
the road discuss about their problems or when we discuss our personal problems with our
friend with an objective that discussion is considered as informal discussion because that
discussion is only for talk and after discussion we are not finding any result. So such type
of discussion is under the Informal discussion category.
2. Classroom Discussion
Most of the time students discuss their problems with the teacher in the classroom and
that is for caused based problem or some time students discuss their problems related with
the teaching and such type of discussion is objective based and after discussion we try to
find out some result. This type of discussion comes in the category of Classroom discussion.
3. Debate
In the program of debate two or more students holding contradictory opinions present
arguments on a particular problem. They also rebut the opposite side. Finally the rest of the
class is encouraged to ask questions from the debaters or engage in a brief discussion with
them. A debate requires a moderator. The teacher should work both with the debaters and
the. Class in order to get significant results.
Some Topic for Debate
(i) Globalization is necessary for the economic development of India.
(ii) Capitalism is responsible for the poverty of our country.
(iii) Five Year Plans have failed to generate proper development.
(iv) Democracy is the best form of government.
(v) For forms of Government let fools contest that which is governed least is best.
(vi) Democracy in India is more formal than real.
(vii) Fundamental rights are of no use in India.
(viii) Used needs total disarmament.
4. Symposium
In a symposium the participants present to the audience through speeches or proper
reading their views about various aspects of a selected problem or topic. To quote Struck,
“We think of a symposium as a. group of comments, either, spoken or written; which portrays
contrasting or at least different points of view”.
Objective of Symposium
The objective of the symposium is to clarify thoughts upon controversial questions. The
audience listens to the discussion. Each person forms his own conclusions concerning the
validity of the points of view presented. The ideal number of pupil participants in a symposium
is four or five.
Some Suggested Topics for Symposium
1. Proper organization of the community project is necessary for rural economic
development.
2. Profit is the dominant motive in all-economic ventures.
3. Mahatma Gandhi and his thoughts.
4. The achievement of the Aryans in the fields of science, literature, government, art
and the life of an ordinary Indian.
5. Super leader in Indian History Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.
6. Declaration of assets and liabilities of the Members of Parliament.
5. Panel Discussions
It is a discussion among selected group persons, large enough for variety and small
enough for purposeful deliberations. The ideal number may be four to six persons. The
participants in a panel discussion are usually eminent persons in their fields. They present
various points of view before an audience, which subsequently joins in the discussion.
Purpose of Panel Discussion
The purpose of panel discussion is to get important facts from different angles, to
stimulate thinking and lay a basis for wide participation. The members among them make
no speeches only informal conversations take place.
Rotation System
The rotation system may be followed in a panel discussion. Each member expresses his
opinion in turn or the members speak briefly as the thought comes to them one after the
other.
Advantages
Panel discussion method provides a natural setting in which people get the opportunity
to ask questions, to evaluate replies and to contribute constructively. Some topics for Panel
Discussions are:
1. The role of planning in economic development.
2. Nationalism can no longer solve the problems of under-developed countries.
3. Nowhere was the achievement of the Aryans greater than in social organization.
4. “The President represents the nation but does not rule the nation. He is the symbol
of the nation and his place in the administration is that of the ceremonial device
or the seal by which the nation’s decisions are made known” ____ B.R. Ambedkar.
5. An active king, whose, opinions were a matter of public concern, is unthinkable
within the framework of our (England’s) constitution” Laski Herold.
6. The role of planning in economic development.
7. Nowhere was the achievement of the Aryans greater than in social organization.
6. Brain Storming
In this form of discussion the brains of the participants are stimulated to create a storm
of ideas and give suggestions regarding the topic without any deliberation to find whether
or not they are meaningful and purposeful. When the brain is let go thus without social
institutions, it would be able to give expressions to some of the most useful and practical
suggestions. For example “Small saving could do a lot to strengthen the savings movement”
is a good subject for brainstorming.
Method of Discussion
1. To make proper use of the discussion method the teacher and student representatives
should do considerable planning. In planned and well-directed procedure discussion
the whole process may be divided into three stages-preparation, discussion and
evaluation.
2. For through preparation for the discussion the teacher should read wide and deep
purposefully and critically and prepare the material conscientiously. Arranged
logically points to be discussed should be written on the chalkboard for guidance.
If the students do not initially feel the need of the problem to be discussed they
should be made to do so.
3. The conducting the discussion should be disciplined. The arrangement of seats
should ensure face-to-face talk. The strength of the discussion is obtained from the
information and viewpoint of all members of the group. All should contribute to its
progress as it is a thinking-together process which breaks down if one member of
the group dominates it. Ensuring that every member of the group participates the
teacher should encourage sincere questions and comments. He must gear the
discussion to the realization of specific objectives and development of proper skills
and methods:
4. A relaxed and informal climate is essential to achieve desirable results. As the
discussion is truly a cooperative experience not a competitive quarrel. The teacher
must continually discourage attack upon persons and seek to bring the participants
to focus their comments on the proposition not the person. He should be ensured
that discussion is objective-oriented, the questions should be skilful and direction
sound. A happy rapport should be established between the teacher and the taught.
5. Discussion results in expanding information or lessening or removing prejudices,
changing attitudes or ideals, increasing the range of interest, altering ideas
concerning national and international policies, or causing a member to become a
more active citizen. One must evaluate the discussion with these motives in mind.
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