7 Human Population and Environment part 3
Chemical Method
• Jellies, creams and foam: A number of different spermicidal jellies, creams,
and foams are available for use of contraceptive agents. These jellies, creams
or foams are inserted into vagina five to fifteen minutes before copulation to
take place. Oral contraceptive: These are popularly known as pill are
combinations of synthetic sex. Hormones (estrogens and progesterone) e.g.
overall, mala. They suppress the production of ovum by hormones and alter
the adulatory cycle.
• Sterilization: It is surgical technique by which the passage of sperms or
ovum is disconnected. Both men and women can be sterilized without loosing
their ability to function sexually.
• Vasectomy: In man the sterilization procedure is called a vasectomy. In this
procedure the vesa differentia, the tubes that lead from the testes to the
ejaculatory ducts, are cut so that the sperm produced in the testis cannot
reach the ejaculatory ducts to enter the ejaculate.
• Tubectomy: In females tubectomy is done. In this procedure, the fallopian
tubes, which transport the egg from the ovaries to the uterus are cut and tied
off.
Environment and Human Health
Webster Collegiate Dictionary defines health as “the state of being hale and sound in
body mind or soul especially from physical disease or pain. The concept of health incorporates
physical state free from diseases, social and mental caliber of a human being. Community
refers to a group of persons living at one place that shares and have social contact. A healthy
man is an asset to the country, but a sick man is a burden. Community health services
provide medical treatment of various diseases, controls the spread of communicable diseases,
control of pests and insects, social welfare health service, maternity and child welfare services,
school medical services, hospital, research institutions etc. Lack of nutrition, clothing and
improper housing, etc. spread many communicable diseases. Maternal and infant mortality
rate raises poverty also leads to child abuse, liquor and drug addiction, exploitation and
crime against women, etc.
Environment and health are inter-dependent. Physical environment include climate,
sound and radioactive pollution sunrays and heat, air pressure, water and air directly or
indirectly affect our health. A person is surrounded by biological environment where insects
and many other biological microbes, which in turn spread diseases. Social and economic
environment also determine the standard of health. Man’s social environment is developed
in a family and family is the basic unit of a society. Small-sized families where family
members are happy and prosperous their health will be in good condition. In large families
rearing of children become a difficult task. Meeting the demands of nutritious food and
health are not given priority with the result children’s personality and overall development
suffers.
(i) Socio-economic factor
Leads to inadequate family resources, which cannot fulfill the wants and thus reduces
the health standards and food problem is more prevalent in poor families. Lack of sanitary
habits and inappropriate nutritional food will develop communicable and harmful diseases.
Illiteracy is one of the major defects to raise the standard of living, sanitation and health.
(ii) Communicable disease problem
In India communicable diseases generally spread on a large scale. The contaminated
food and water intake, dirt, sewage waste, improper light and pure air, Improper ventilation
arrangements in the house, stagnant water and dirt, over crowding, lavatory and cleanliness
are some of the causes for the spread of diseases. Communicable diseases may spread
through air, contact, contaminated food and water directly. Cholera diarrhea, typhoid etc.,
are some of the diseases. Insects and microbial parasites spread malaria and plague like
diseases.
IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENT
Vegetative plants and trees are called autotrophy because they can produce their own
food through the process of Photosynthesis, this category is primary productive unit and
their entire living organism depends on the vegetation for acquiring food. Photographs like
insects, animals, birds and all human beings cannot produce their own food. Some
microorganisms like bacteria, fungus, microbes, etc., derive food from dead plants and animals.
Thus, all the living organisms are interdependent for their survival.
Human being is always adjusting to the ever-changing environment and in the past he
has never attempted to alter it. But after twentieth century there has been a tremendous
increase in physical wants and desires. Fast development in every sphere of life has undergone
with the ever-increasing wants and demands for food products. Ever increasing pressure on
land has caused forestland to be utilized for cultivation.
There is all-round development and progress in the field of science and industries, new
technology is being introduced and I variety of products are now being produced. As a result
environmental pollution has increased. New technology has provided us goods to make our
lives happier, more comfortable and luxurious, pollution hazards and its ill effect are being
observed in every sphere of life. There is general reduction in physical power and energy,
also deterioration of health standards. Development and destruction are co-related and give
rise to many problems due to environmental pollution, water pollution, air pollution,
destruction of forests, disappearing wild life, radiation effect, on living organisms.
Man is acquiring essential resources from the nature itself. Hence, it is essential to
protect and preserve the natural resources. Natural disaster and destruction have increased
the temperature on the earth is steadily rising. Certain drastic steps are needed in order
to save our planet.
DISEASES
(a) Through respiration: By nose, mouth, lungs, cough, sneeze, spit, spreads cold,
measles, tuberculosis, pneumonia, etc.
(b) Through intestine: Human excreta spread typhoid, diarrhoea, intestinal worms,
cholera, poliomyelitis, etc.
(c) Skin: Scale of the skin, skin pus like smallpox, measles, etc.
(d) Through blood: AIDS, malaria, yellow fever, dengue, filarial, etc., are some of the
diseases which spread through blood.
1. DIPHTHERIA
It is an acute infectious and communicable disease caused by involvement of respiratory
system. The microorganisms of this disease attack the tonsils, trachea, nasal passage and
sound box and secrete a false membrane of oxotoxin, which cause inflammation. In severe
conditions it causes difficulty in breathing. This disease is quite common among the children
of the age of 6 months to five years. It can also occur up to the age of 15 years. The mortality
rates are 50% in respect of diphtheria occurring below the age of 5 years.
Pathogenic organism: The microbes spreading diphtheria belong to bacillus group and
are of three types:
1. C. Diphtheria gravies
2. C. Diph. Intermedius
3. C. Diph. Miti
Mode of spread: The spread of this disease may be by:
(a) Direct contact chiefly through the carriers, whether sick or healthy. Nasal
carriers are more dangerous than throat carriers.
(b) Indirect transmission through infected articles such as, clothes, toys, utensils,
etc.
Incubation period: It is of 2 to 5 days duration when the microbes enter the body.
Infective period: After the patient shows the symptoms of diphtheria and the period
when microorganism leave the body is of 2-5 weeks on an average.
Symptoms: Initially the patient feels weak, nausea, and loses appetite and alertness.
Immunization: D.P.T. (Diphtheria, Whooping cough, Tetanus) vaccine is introduced to
the child at the age of 6 weeks to 9 months in three doses. This vaccine is given at the
interval of one month. A booster dose is given at the age of 2 years.
Prevention and Control
• The patient should be isolated.
• Disinfections of the home, bedding clothes, toys, utensils, etc., is done thoroughly.
2. WHOOPING COUGH OR PERTUSIS
Whooping cough or pertusis is an acute respiratory infections disease caused by Bacillus
pertusis involving trachea, bronchi and bronchioles creating intense cough. Whooping cough
occurs in all ages. Effect of cold weather and in colder regions enhances the incidence of
disease.
Spread of disease: Since it is an infectious disease main source is the nasal discharge
and cough. It spreads directly from person to person.
Incubation period: It is of seven to fourteen days.
Infective period: Three weeks after the symptoms are observed. Symptoms: The patient
coughs frequently and its severity increases at night loss of appetite insomnia, weakness
persists. Immunization: Vaccine is prepared from dead bacillus and is administered along
with D.P.T. (Diphtheria, pertusis, tetanus).
3. TUBERCULOSIS
It is a chronic bacterial disease and highly infectious. Tuberculosis spreads through air
and affect the lungs of the person. It is caused by tubercle bacillus. This is prevalent both
in tropical and temperate climate.
Spread of disease: Tuberculosis spreads in the following manner:
(a) The infection spreads by inhalation of droplets expelled by the patient through,
sneezing, coughing, yawning etc.
(b) Through direct contact
(c) Infected articles, clothes, utensils, etc. may spread the disease.
Incubation period: Incubation period is about four to six weeks.
Symptoms: Initially, the patient feels easily exhausted, fatigue doing ordinary work and
feels excessive fatigue. Loss of appetite, hoarseness of throat, pain in the chest due to
infected lungs. Patient sweats profusely at knight and feels weak.
Immunization: Child should be given B.C.G. (Bacillus Chalmette Guerine) vaccine by
intra-dermal injection within the first three months of age.
Control and prevention: Following steps need to be undertaken to control the spread of
tuberculosis:
• Health and general sanitary conditions of the community should be taken good care
of. Every human being should live in fresh air and sunshine.
• Workers of cotton and ginning mills, coalmines, tobacco bidi making etc. should
wear protective shield to prevent inhalation of dust or silica dust.
• Patient should be isolated. The disinfections of clothes, utensils, articles rooms etc.
should be properly ensured.
4. CHOLERA
Cholera is an acute infectious disease caused by the infection of intestinal canal,
characterized by sudden vomiting, watery diarrhea, cramps in legs and leads to fast
dehydration.
Pathogenic organisms: Cholera producing microorganisms are Vibrio species and they
can belong to two sub-groups:
1. Vibrio cholerae
2. Vibrio El tor
Vibrio cholerae: Vibrio cholerae is found in stools and vomits of the patient. It is active,
mobile and grows in alkaline medium. It dies at 55°C in minutes. In contaminated water the
organism can survive for two weeks. Insects, particularly housefly disseminates this disease.
Vibrio El tor: The other germ Vibrio el tor spreads in the Bay of Bengal and coastal
areas in large scale through direct contact, unhygienic conditions, over-crowding, fair and
feast on festivals incubation period: The duration of incubation period is very short, ranging
from a few hours to five days.
Period of communicability: Lasts until the patient is free from cholera germs.
Symptoms: Patient starts vomiting and suffers loose motions. This may lead to loss of
water and minerals in the body.
Immunization: Vaccine is prepared from dead Vibrio cholera and is given when there
is a danger of spread of cholera.
Prevention and Control
• All deject should be collected in the can in which quick lime is placed at the bottom.
• Anti-fly measures should be adopted.
• Avoid eating of rotten fruit, boiling of water and milk, protection from flies and
dust.
• Phenyl, bleaching powder and other disinfectant should be sprayed in the area.
• Segregation and disinfections of soiled clothes, articles used by the patient.
5. MALARIA
Malaria spreads in the rainy season. The malarial parasite is a protozoon named
‘Plasmodium’. It survives in the red blood corpuscles of the human blood. Man acquires
infection by the bite of an infected female anopheles mosquito, which inject the malarial
parasites in the form of spores.
The malarial parasite is of four types:
(i) Plasmodium: It has a life cycle of 48 hours causing fever after every two days. .
(ii) Plasmodium malaria: It has a life cycle of 72 hours causing fever after every three days.
(
• Jellies, creams and foam: A number of different spermicidal jellies, creams,
and foams are available for use of contraceptive agents. These jellies, creams
or foams are inserted into vagina five to fifteen minutes before copulation to
take place. Oral contraceptive: These are popularly known as pill are
combinations of synthetic sex. Hormones (estrogens and progesterone) e.g.
overall, mala. They suppress the production of ovum by hormones and alter
the adulatory cycle.
• Sterilization: It is surgical technique by which the passage of sperms or
ovum is disconnected. Both men and women can be sterilized without loosing
their ability to function sexually.
• Vasectomy: In man the sterilization procedure is called a vasectomy. In this
procedure the vesa differentia, the tubes that lead from the testes to the
ejaculatory ducts, are cut so that the sperm produced in the testis cannot
reach the ejaculatory ducts to enter the ejaculate.
• Tubectomy: In females tubectomy is done. In this procedure, the fallopian
tubes, which transport the egg from the ovaries to the uterus are cut and tied
off.
Environment and Human Health
Webster Collegiate Dictionary defines health as “the state of being hale and sound in
body mind or soul especially from physical disease or pain. The concept of health incorporates
physical state free from diseases, social and mental caliber of a human being. Community
refers to a group of persons living at one place that shares and have social contact. A healthy
man is an asset to the country, but a sick man is a burden. Community health services
provide medical treatment of various diseases, controls the spread of communicable diseases,
control of pests and insects, social welfare health service, maternity and child welfare services,
school medical services, hospital, research institutions etc. Lack of nutrition, clothing and
improper housing, etc. spread many communicable diseases. Maternal and infant mortality
rate raises poverty also leads to child abuse, liquor and drug addiction, exploitation and
crime against women, etc.
Environment and health are inter-dependent. Physical environment include climate,
sound and radioactive pollution sunrays and heat, air pressure, water and air directly or
indirectly affect our health. A person is surrounded by biological environment where insects
and many other biological microbes, which in turn spread diseases. Social and economic
environment also determine the standard of health. Man’s social environment is developed
in a family and family is the basic unit of a society. Small-sized families where family
members are happy and prosperous their health will be in good condition. In large families
rearing of children become a difficult task. Meeting the demands of nutritious food and
health are not given priority with the result children’s personality and overall development
suffers.
(i) Socio-economic factor
Leads to inadequate family resources, which cannot fulfill the wants and thus reduces
the health standards and food problem is more prevalent in poor families. Lack of sanitary
habits and inappropriate nutritional food will develop communicable and harmful diseases.
Illiteracy is one of the major defects to raise the standard of living, sanitation and health.
(ii) Communicable disease problem
In India communicable diseases generally spread on a large scale. The contaminated
food and water intake, dirt, sewage waste, improper light and pure air, Improper ventilation
arrangements in the house, stagnant water and dirt, over crowding, lavatory and cleanliness
are some of the causes for the spread of diseases. Communicable diseases may spread
through air, contact, contaminated food and water directly. Cholera diarrhea, typhoid etc.,
are some of the diseases. Insects and microbial parasites spread malaria and plague like
diseases.
IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENT
Vegetative plants and trees are called autotrophy because they can produce their own
food through the process of Photosynthesis, this category is primary productive unit and
their entire living organism depends on the vegetation for acquiring food. Photographs like
insects, animals, birds and all human beings cannot produce their own food. Some
microorganisms like bacteria, fungus, microbes, etc., derive food from dead plants and animals.
Thus, all the living organisms are interdependent for their survival.
Human being is always adjusting to the ever-changing environment and in the past he
has never attempted to alter it. But after twentieth century there has been a tremendous
increase in physical wants and desires. Fast development in every sphere of life has undergone
with the ever-increasing wants and demands for food products. Ever increasing pressure on
land has caused forestland to be utilized for cultivation.
There is all-round development and progress in the field of science and industries, new
technology is being introduced and I variety of products are now being produced. As a result
environmental pollution has increased. New technology has provided us goods to make our
lives happier, more comfortable and luxurious, pollution hazards and its ill effect are being
observed in every sphere of life. There is general reduction in physical power and energy,
also deterioration of health standards. Development and destruction are co-related and give
rise to many problems due to environmental pollution, water pollution, air pollution,
destruction of forests, disappearing wild life, radiation effect, on living organisms.
Man is acquiring essential resources from the nature itself. Hence, it is essential to
protect and preserve the natural resources. Natural disaster and destruction have increased
the temperature on the earth is steadily rising. Certain drastic steps are needed in order
to save our planet.
DISEASES
(a) Through respiration: By nose, mouth, lungs, cough, sneeze, spit, spreads cold,
measles, tuberculosis, pneumonia, etc.
(b) Through intestine: Human excreta spread typhoid, diarrhoea, intestinal worms,
cholera, poliomyelitis, etc.
(c) Skin: Scale of the skin, skin pus like smallpox, measles, etc.
(d) Through blood: AIDS, malaria, yellow fever, dengue, filarial, etc., are some of the
diseases which spread through blood.
1. DIPHTHERIA
It is an acute infectious and communicable disease caused by involvement of respiratory
system. The microorganisms of this disease attack the tonsils, trachea, nasal passage and
sound box and secrete a false membrane of oxotoxin, which cause inflammation. In severe
conditions it causes difficulty in breathing. This disease is quite common among the children
of the age of 6 months to five years. It can also occur up to the age of 15 years. The mortality
rates are 50% in respect of diphtheria occurring below the age of 5 years.
Pathogenic organism: The microbes spreading diphtheria belong to bacillus group and
are of three types:
1. C. Diphtheria gravies
2. C. Diph. Intermedius
3. C. Diph. Miti
Mode of spread: The spread of this disease may be by:
(a) Direct contact chiefly through the carriers, whether sick or healthy. Nasal
carriers are more dangerous than throat carriers.
(b) Indirect transmission through infected articles such as, clothes, toys, utensils,
etc.
Incubation period: It is of 2 to 5 days duration when the microbes enter the body.
Infective period: After the patient shows the symptoms of diphtheria and the period
when microorganism leave the body is of 2-5 weeks on an average.
Symptoms: Initially the patient feels weak, nausea, and loses appetite and alertness.
Immunization: D.P.T. (Diphtheria, Whooping cough, Tetanus) vaccine is introduced to
the child at the age of 6 weeks to 9 months in three doses. This vaccine is given at the
interval of one month. A booster dose is given at the age of 2 years.
Prevention and Control
• The patient should be isolated.
• Disinfections of the home, bedding clothes, toys, utensils, etc., is done thoroughly.
2. WHOOPING COUGH OR PERTUSIS
Whooping cough or pertusis is an acute respiratory infections disease caused by Bacillus
pertusis involving trachea, bronchi and bronchioles creating intense cough. Whooping cough
occurs in all ages. Effect of cold weather and in colder regions enhances the incidence of
disease.
Spread of disease: Since it is an infectious disease main source is the nasal discharge
and cough. It spreads directly from person to person.
Incubation period: It is of seven to fourteen days.
Infective period: Three weeks after the symptoms are observed. Symptoms: The patient
coughs frequently and its severity increases at night loss of appetite insomnia, weakness
persists. Immunization: Vaccine is prepared from dead bacillus and is administered along
with D.P.T. (Diphtheria, pertusis, tetanus).
3. TUBERCULOSIS
It is a chronic bacterial disease and highly infectious. Tuberculosis spreads through air
and affect the lungs of the person. It is caused by tubercle bacillus. This is prevalent both
in tropical and temperate climate.
Spread of disease: Tuberculosis spreads in the following manner:
(a) The infection spreads by inhalation of droplets expelled by the patient through,
sneezing, coughing, yawning etc.
(b) Through direct contact
(c) Infected articles, clothes, utensils, etc. may spread the disease.
Incubation period: Incubation period is about four to six weeks.
Symptoms: Initially, the patient feels easily exhausted, fatigue doing ordinary work and
feels excessive fatigue. Loss of appetite, hoarseness of throat, pain in the chest due to
infected lungs. Patient sweats profusely at knight and feels weak.
Immunization: Child should be given B.C.G. (Bacillus Chalmette Guerine) vaccine by
intra-dermal injection within the first three months of age.
Control and prevention: Following steps need to be undertaken to control the spread of
tuberculosis:
• Health and general sanitary conditions of the community should be taken good care
of. Every human being should live in fresh air and sunshine.
• Workers of cotton and ginning mills, coalmines, tobacco bidi making etc. should
wear protective shield to prevent inhalation of dust or silica dust.
• Patient should be isolated. The disinfections of clothes, utensils, articles rooms etc.
should be properly ensured.
4. CHOLERA
Cholera is an acute infectious disease caused by the infection of intestinal canal,
characterized by sudden vomiting, watery diarrhea, cramps in legs and leads to fast
dehydration.
Pathogenic organisms: Cholera producing microorganisms are Vibrio species and they
can belong to two sub-groups:
1. Vibrio cholerae
2. Vibrio El tor
Vibrio cholerae: Vibrio cholerae is found in stools and vomits of the patient. It is active,
mobile and grows in alkaline medium. It dies at 55°C in minutes. In contaminated water the
organism can survive for two weeks. Insects, particularly housefly disseminates this disease.
Vibrio El tor: The other germ Vibrio el tor spreads in the Bay of Bengal and coastal
areas in large scale through direct contact, unhygienic conditions, over-crowding, fair and
feast on festivals incubation period: The duration of incubation period is very short, ranging
from a few hours to five days.
Period of communicability: Lasts until the patient is free from cholera germs.
Symptoms: Patient starts vomiting and suffers loose motions. This may lead to loss of
water and minerals in the body.
Immunization: Vaccine is prepared from dead Vibrio cholera and is given when there
is a danger of spread of cholera.
Prevention and Control
• All deject should be collected in the can in which quick lime is placed at the bottom.
• Anti-fly measures should be adopted.
• Avoid eating of rotten fruit, boiling of water and milk, protection from flies and
dust.
• Phenyl, bleaching powder and other disinfectant should be sprayed in the area.
• Segregation and disinfections of soiled clothes, articles used by the patient.
5. MALARIA
Malaria spreads in the rainy season. The malarial parasite is a protozoon named
‘Plasmodium’. It survives in the red blood corpuscles of the human blood. Man acquires
infection by the bite of an infected female anopheles mosquito, which inject the malarial
parasites in the form of spores.
The malarial parasite is of four types:
(i) Plasmodium: It has a life cycle of 48 hours causing fever after every two days. .
(ii) Plasmodium malaria: It has a life cycle of 72 hours causing fever after every three days.
(